氯和磷对土壤中水溶-可交换态铅的影响

在实验室培养条件下研究了氯离子(C1-)对含磷物质KH2PO4降低污染土壤中铅毒作用的影响.结果表明,在铅锌矿污染土壤中添加KH2P04显著降低了土壤中铅(Pb)的水溶-可交换态含量,降低幅度为92.0%-95.1%,显著降低了铅的生物有效性.数据统计分析表明, KH2PO4用量在P/Pb摩尔比为0.6时已足够修复土壤的铅毒,并且在此磷添加量水平时,加氯与不加氯比较,显著降低了土壤中Pb的水溶-可交换态含量,说明了添加氯对含磷物质降低铅毒有促进作用运.用Visual MINTEQ模型模拟计算的结果表明,添加磷和氯处理土壤后,土壤中Pb的活度主要受P的控制,尤其是磷氯铅矿[pyromorphite, Pb5(PO4)3 Cl]沉淀.在使用含磷物质修复铅污染土壤技术时,添加适量的氯,以达到最佳修复效果.     

Sequestration of toxic Pb（II） ions by chemically treated rubber （Hevea brasiliensis ） leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder (an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated. The interactions between Pb(II) ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial lead concentration and contact time were studied. The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4–5. Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g, almost 100% of Pb(II) ions (23 mg/L) could be removed. The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time, and relatively a short period of time (60–90 min) was required to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g. Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process, and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.     

我国耗散型铅使用的变化及趋势分析

随着人们对铅污染的认识的不断提高,耗散型铅的使用倍受关注,限制涂料、玩具等生活常用品及其材料中铅的使用也已成为国家及有关部门制定相关标准时要考虑的重要内容。文章以汽油、涂料、油墨和儿童玩具这四类物品为例,列举和对比近年来国内外对其含铅量进行限制的相关政策和标准,并由此提出改进办法,预测未来的政策变化趋势。     

电子废弃物显像管玻璃中Pb渗出的研究

文章对显像管玻璃中Pb渗出机理分析并通过实验证明,用水、盐、酸和碱溶液处理显像管玻璃后,都会有铅渗出。因此如果将显像管玻璃随意丢弃,会有大量的铅渗出并进入环境,对环境产生极大危害。所以必须加大宣传力度,使人们都认识到丢弃显像管的危害性。并尽快的回收、处理废旧显像管。     

淮南市矿区部分蔬菜中铅污染现状评价

淮南是一个开采历史达百年的煤炭城市,由于煤矿的开采,煤矸石在地表大量堆积,对矿区周围环境造成了不同程度的重金属污染。为研究矿区蔬菜中铅污染状况及安全水平,在不同开采历史矿区采集煤矸石堆附近耕地上的蔬菜样品,使用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定6种叶菜类蔬菜中铅的含量,并采用单项污染指数法对蔬菜铅污染状况进行评价。研究结果表明:淮南市矿区蔬菜已经受到煤矿开采活动的影响,蔬菜中的铅已经达到中度污染,个别蔬菜污染程度接近重污染。蔬菜中铅的含量随不同的蔬菜品种差异明显,并在区域上表现为废矿井区蔬菜中铅的含量高于老矿井区。     

Dengue epidemics in the Caribbean-temperature indices to gauge the potential for onset of dengue

The seasonality, patterns and the climate associations of the reported cases of dengue in the Caribbean were studied by analyzing the annual and monthly variability of reported cases as well as those of climate parameters (temperature and precipitation). More attention was given to Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and Jamaica, as those countries contributed mostly to the reported cases. The data were for the period 1980–2003. Results showed that the incidence of dengue in the Caribbean were higher in the last decade (1990s) compared to that in the previous decade (1980s). The yearly patterns of dengue exhibited a well-defined seasonality. The epidemics appeared to occur in the later half of the year following onset of rainfall and increasing temperature. Analysis revealed that the association of the epidemics with temperature was stronger, especially in relation to the onset of dengue, and the probability of epidemics was high during El Niño periods. In years with early warmer periods epidemics appeared to occur early, which was a scenario more probable in the year after an El Niño (an El Niño + 1 year). Indices linked to temperatures that are useful for gauging the potential for onset of dengue were examined. An index based on a moving average temperature (MAT) appeared to be effective in gauging such potential and its average (AMAT) signals a threshold effect. MAT index has potential use in adaptation and mitigation strategies.     

钾肥对镉的植物有效性的影响

采用室外盆栽模拟试验,研究了在镉单一污染及镉、铅复合污染的土壤中,钾肥（K₂SO₄）的施用及其施用水平对镉的植物有效性的影响.结果表明,施用钾肥可显著(p<0.05)促进小麦干重的增长,缓解重金属镉及镉、铅复合污染对小麦的毒害作用.不同施用水平的钾肥均减少了小麦对镉的吸收,降低了镉的植物有效性.随着钾肥施用水平的增加,小麦植株不同部位（根、茎叶和籽实）镉的浓度先逐渐降低而后上升,小麦植株不同部位的富集系数也呈现先降低而后上升的趋势,并且钾肥在K2水平时对镉的缓解效果最佳.施用钾肥降低了根际、非根际土壤交换态镉的含量,钾肥主要影响了小麦根际、非根际土壤中交换态、碳酸盐态镉的含量,而对铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质硫化物态和残渣态镉的影响较小.镉、铅复合处理与镉单一处理相比较,铅可促进小麦对镉的吸收,提高镉的植物有效性.     

Copper biosorption on immobilized seaweed biomass： Column breakthrough characteristics

The biosorption of copper by the brown seaweed Sargassum baccularia,immobilized onto polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel beads, was investigated with fixed-bed experiments.Laboratory-scale column tests were performed to determine breakthrough curves with varying flow rates and feed concentrations.A theoretical fixed-bed model,known as the Bohart-Adams equation,was evaluated in simulating the experimental breakthrough curves.The Bohart-Adams model qualitatively predicted the breakthrough trends.PVA- immobilized seaweed biomass beads were amenable to efficient regeneration with aqueous solution containing the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA).The biosorbent retained most of its original uptake capacity over three cycles of use.The excellent reusability of the biosorbent could lead to the development of a viable metal remediation technology.     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

新型杂化材料钝化修复镉铅复合污染土壤的效应与机制研究

采用盆栽实验,研究了新型杂化材料及其与磷酸盐复配使用对镉铅复合污染土壤的钝化修复效果,并通过重金属形态分析、吸附平衡实验以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探讨了杂化材料钝化修复重金属污染土壤的机制.结果表明,杂化材料单一处理对油菜生长没有明显的促进作用,而杂化材料与磷酸盐复合处理则能显著提高油菜地上部和根部生物量,分别比对...